How to Write Results Section of a Research Paper

What is the Results section and what does it do?

The Results section of a scientific research paper represents the core findings of a study derived from the methods applied to gather and analyze information. It presents these findings in a logical sequence without bias or interpretation from the author, setting up the reader for later interpretation and evaluation in the Discussion section. A major purpose of the Results section is to break down the data into sentences that show its significance to the research question(s).

The Results section appears third in the section sequence in most scientific papers. It follows the presentation of the Methods and Materials and is presented before the Discussion section—although the Results and Discussion are presented together in many journals. This section answers the basic question "What did you find in your research?"

What is included in the Results?

The Results section should include the findings of your study and ONLY the findings of your study. The findings include:

Data presented in tables, charts, graphs, and other figures (may be placed among research text or on a separate page)
A contextual analysis of this data explaining its meaning in sentence form
Report on data collection, recruitment, and/or participants
Data that corresponds to the central research question(s)
Secondary findings (secondary outcomes, subgroup analyses, etc.)

If the scope of the study is broad or has many variables, or if the methodology used yields a wide range of different results, the author should state only those results that are most relevant to the research question stated in the Introduction section.

As a general rule, any information that does not present the direct findings or outcome of the study should be left out of this section. Unless the author is requested by the journal or advisor to included Results and Discussions together, explanations and interpretations of these results should be omitted from the Results.

How are the results organized?

The best way to organize your Results section is "logically." One logical and clear method of organizing the results is to provide them alongside the research questions—within each research question, present the type of data that addresses that research question.

Let's look at an example. Your research question is based on a survey:

"What do hospital patients over age 55 think about postoperative care?"

This can actually be represented as a heading within your paper, though it might be presented as a statement rather than a question:

"Figure 1: Attitudes towards postoperative care in patients over the age of 55."

Present the results that address this specific research question first. In this case, perhaps a table illustrating data from a survey. Likert Items are included in this example. Other tables might include standard deviations, probability, matrices, etc.

Following this, present a content analysis of one end of the spectrum of the survey or data table. In our example case, start with the POSITIVE survey responses regarding postoperative care, using descriptive phrases. For example:

"65% of patients over 55 responded positively to the question 'Are you satisfied with your hospital's postoperative care?'(Fig. 2)

Include other data such as frequency counts, subcategories, and rich quotes for each category. The amount of textual description used will depend on how much interpretation of the figures is necessary and how many examples the reader needs to read in order to understand the significance of these findings.

Next, present a content analysis of another part of the spectrum of the same research question, perhaps the NEGATIVE or NEUTRAL responses to the survey. For instance:

"As Figure 1 shows, 15 out of 60 patients in Group A responded negatively to Question 2."

After you have assessed the data in one figure and explained it sufficiently, move onto your next research question. For example:

"How does patient satisfaction correspond to in-hospital improvements made to postoperative care?"

Data presented through a paired T-test table

This kind of data may be presented through a figure or set of figures (for instance, a paired T-test table).

Explain this data in this table with a concise content analysis:

"The p-value between the before and after sets of patients was .03% (Fig. 2). The greater the dissatisfaction of patients, the more frequent the improvements to postoperative care."

Let's examine another example of a Results section from an experiment. In the Introduction section, the aims of the study are presented as "determining the physiological and morphological responses of Allium cepta L. towards increased cadmium toxicity" and "evaluating its potential to accumulate the metal and its associated environmental consequences." The Results section presents data showing how these aims are achieved in both tables and content analysis, beginning with an overview of the findings:

"Cadmium caused inhibition of roots and leaves elongation particularly with increasing effects at higher exposure doses (Fig. 1a-c)."

The figure containing this data is cited in parentheses. Note that this author has included three graphs in one single figure. Separating the data into separate graphs makes it easier for the reader to assess the findings, and consolidating this information into one figure saves space and makes it easy to locate all of the most relevant results.Data from multiple graphs can be placed into one figure to consolidate results.

Data from multiple graphs can be placed into one figure to consolidate results.

Following this overall summary, the relevant data in the tables is broken down into greater detail.

"Results on the bio-accumulation of cadmium were found to be the highest (17.5 mg kgG1) in the bulb, when the concentration of cadmium in the solution was 1×10G2 M and lowest (0.11 mg kgG1) in the leaves when the concentration was 1×10G3 M."

Captioning and Referencing Tables and Figures

As the hard data yielded by your study, tables and figures are central components of your Results section. Therefore, it is crucial to know how to caption the figures and refer to them within the text of the Results section.

The most important advice one can give here as well as throughout the paper is to check the requirements and standards of the journal to which you are submitting your work. Every journal has its own design and layout standards; perusing a journal's articles will give you an idea of the proper number, size, and complexity of your figures.

Regardless of which format you use, the figures should be placed in the order they are referenced in the Results section and be as clear and easy to understand as possible. If there are multiple variables being considered (within one or more research questions), it can be a good idea to split these up into separate figures. Subsequently, these can be referenced and analyzed under separate headings and paragraphs in the text.

To create a caption, consider the research question being asked and change it into a phrase. For instance, if one question is"Which color did participants choose?" the caption might be"Color choice by participant group." Or in our research paper example, where the question is"What is the concentration of cadmium in different parts of the onion after 14 days?" the caption reads:

"Fig. 1(a-c): Mean concentration of Cd determined in (a) Bulbs, (b) Leaves and (c) Roots of onion after 14 days period."

Steps for Composing the Results Section

Because each study is unique, there is no one-size-fits-all approach when it comes to designing a strategy for structuring and writing the section of a research paper where findings are presented. The content and layout of this section will be determined by the specific area of research, the design of the study and its particular methodologies, and the guidelines of the target journal and its editors. However, the following steps can be used to compose the results of most scientific research studies and are essential for researchers who are new to preparing a manuscript for publication or who need a reminder of how to construct the Results section.

Step 1: Consult the guidelines or instructions that the target journal or publisher provides authors and read research papers it has published, especially those with similar topics, methods, or results to your study.

The guidelines will generally outline specific requirements for the results or findings section, and the published articles will provide sound examples of successful approaches.
Note length limitations on restrictions on content. For instance, while many journals require the Results and Discussion sections to be separate, others do not—qualitative research papers often include results and interpretations in the same section ("Results and Discussion").
Reading the aims and scope in the journal's "guide for authors" section and understanding the interests of its readers will be invaluable in preparing to write the Results section.

Step 2: Consider your research results in relation to the journal's requirements and catalogue your results.

Focus on experimental results and other findings that are especially relevant to your research questions and objectives and include them even if they are unexpected or do not support your ideas and hypotheses.
Catalogue your findings—use subheadings to streamline and clarify your report. This will help you avoid excessive and peripheral details as you write and also help your reader understand and remember your findings. Create appendices that might interest specialists but prove too long or distracting for other readers.
Decide how you will structure of your results. You might match the order of the research questions and hypotheses to your results, or you could arrange them according to the order presented in the Methods section. A chronological order or even a hierarchy of importance or meaningful grouping of main themes or categories might prove effective. Consider your audience, evidence, and most importantly, the objectives of your research when choosing a structure for presenting your findings.

Step 3: Design figures and tables to present and illustrate your data.

Tables and figures should be numbered according to the order in which they are mentioned in the main text of the paper.
Information in figures should be relatively self-explanatory (with the aid of captions), and their design should include all definitions and other information necessary for readers to understand the findings without reading all of the text.
Use tables and figures as a focal point to tell a clear and informative story about your research and avoid repeating information. But remember that while figures clarify and enhance the text, they cannot replace it.

Step 4: Draft your Results section using the findings and figures you have organized.

The goal is to communicate this complex information as clearly and precisely as possible; precise and compact phrases and sentences are most effective.
In the opening paragraph of this section, restate your research questions or aims to focus the reader's attention to what the results are trying to show. It is also a good idea to summarize key findings at the end of this section to create a logical transition to the interpretation and discussion that follows.
Try to write in the past tense and the active voice to relay the findings since the research has already been done and the agent is usually clear. This will ensure that your explanations are also clear and logical.
Make sure that any specialized terminology or abbreviation you have used here has been defined and clarified in the Introduction section.

Step 5: Review your draft; edit and revise until it reports results exactly as you would like to have them reported to your readers.

Double-check the accuracy and consistency of all the data, as well as all of the visual elements included.
Read your draft aloud to catch language errors (grammar, spelling, and mechanics), awkward phrases, and missing transitions.
Ensure that your results are presented in the best order to focus on objectives and prepare readers for interpretations, valuations, and recommendations in the Discussion section. Look back over the paper's Introduction and background while anticipating the Discussion and Conclusion sections to ensure that the presentation of your results is consistent and effective.
Consider seeking additional guidance on your paper. Find additional readers to look over your Results section and see if it can be improved in any way. Peers, professors, or qualified experts can provide valuable insights.

One excellent option is to use a professional academic editing service such as Wordvice. With hundreds of qualified editors from dozens of scientific fields, Wordvice has helped thousands of authors revise their manuscripts and get accepted into their target journals. Read more about the proofreading and editing process before proceeding with language editing for your manuscript.

As the representation of your study's data output, the Results section presents the core information in your research paper. By writing with clarity and conciseness and by highlighting and explaining the crucial findings of your study, authors increase the impact and effectiveness of their research manuscripts.

For more articles and videos on writing your research manuscript, visit Wordvice's Resources page.

Wordvice Resources

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Additional Resources

Almost Everything You Wanted to Know About Making Tables and Figures. (Bates College.)
Guide for Authors. (Elsevier)
How to Write the Results Section of a Research Paper. (Bates College)
Structure of a Research Paper. (University of Minnesota Biomedical Library)
How to Choose a Target Journal (Springer)
How to Write Figures and Tables (UNC Writing Center)

References

Orsuamaeze Blessings, Adebayo Alaba Joseph and Oguntimehin Ilemobayo Ifedayo, 2018. Deleterious effects of cadmium solutions on onion (Allium cepa) growth and the plant's potential as bioindicator of Cd exposure. Res. J. Environ. Sci., 12: 114-120. Online: http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/academicjournals/rjes/2018/114-120.pdf

How to Write Results Section of a Research Paper

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