Tell Me Something About the City of Judah Where Mary Had to Go in the Bible King James

Southern Israelite kingdom, c. 930–586 BCE

"Kingdom of Judea" redirects here. For the Judean polity of the 1st and 2nd centuries BCE, undergo Hasmonean dynasty. For the large southern character of the of import Land of Israel, fancy Judea.

Realm of Judah 𐤉‬𐤄𐤃𐤄‬
930 BCE[1]–587/586 BCE
LMLK seal (700–586 BCE)
Map of the realm in the 9th century BCE, The Northern Kingdom is in blue, and the Southern Kingdom of Judah is in yellow.
Capital	Hebron[2] Jerusalem
Common languages	Hebrew
Religion	Yahwism/Judaism Canaanite polytheism Mesopotamian polytheism Folk religion[3]
Demonym(s)	Judahites
Government	Monarchy
Historical era	Levantine Iron Age
• Proven	930 BCE[1]
• Siege of Jerusalem	587/586 B.C.E.
Preceded by Succeeded by Land of Sio Modern-Babylonian Empire Yehud (Metropolis province)
Today part of	Israel Palestinian Territories

The Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew: יְהוּדָה, Yəhūdā; Akkadian: 𒅀𒌑𒁕𒀀𒀀 Ya'uda [ia-ú-DA-a-a]; Aramaic script: 𐤁‬𐤉‬𐤕‬𐤃𐤅‬𐤃 Bēyt Dāwīḏ) was an Hebrew kingdom of the Southern Levant during the Iron Mature. IT was located in Judea, and its capital was Jerusalem. The other Israelite polity, the Kingdom of Israel, lay to the north.

The Hebrew Bible depicts IT as the successor to the United Monarchy, a term denoting the Kingdom of Zion below religious text kings Saul, St. David and Solomon and covering the dominio of two historical kingdoms, Judah and Israel. All the same, some scholars, including Israel Finkelstein and Alexander Fantalkin, believe that the existent archaeological evidence for an encompassing Kingdom of Judah before the late 8th century BCE is too weak and that the methodological analysis used to prevail the evidence is flawed.^{[4] [5]} The Tel Dan Stele shows that the kingdom, in any semblance, existed by at the least the middle-9th one C B.C.E.,^{[6] [7] [8]} but IT does gnomish to show to what extent.

In the 10th and early 9th centuries BCE, the territory of Judah appears to possess been sparsely populated, limited to small rural settlements, most of them unfortified.^[9] Jerusalem, the land's Washington, liable did non emerge as a significant body centre until the last of the 8th century BCE. Before then, the archaeological demonstrate suggests its universe was to a fault small to sustain a viable kingdom.^[10] In the 7th century B.C.E. its population increased greatly, prospering under Assyrian vassalage (despite Hezekiah's revolt against the Assyrian king Sennacherib),^[11] but in 605 BCE the Assyrian Empire was foiled, and the ensuing competition between the Ordinal Dynasty of Egypt and the Modern-Babylonian Empire for control of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea led to the destruction of the kingdom in a serial publication of campaigns between 597 and 582 BCE, the deportation of the elite of the community, and the incorporation of Judah into a province of the Modern-Babylonian Empire.

The star cities of the kingdom were Jerusalem, Lachish, Hebron, Socho and Ziph.

Archeologic disc [edit]

The organisation of the Kingdom of Judah is a branch of knowledg of heavy debate among scholars, and an acrimonious challenge has emerged betwixt biblical minimalists and biblical maximalists on this particular proposition topic.^[12]

While information technology is generally agreed that the stories of David and Solomon in the 10th century BCE tell littler about the origins of Judah, currently, there is no consensus as to whether Judah improved as a split from the United Kingdom of Israel (Eastern Samoa the Bible tells) or independently.^{[13] [14]} Much of the debate revolves around whether the archaeological discoveries conventionally datable to the 10th century should or else Be dated to the 9th C, as proposed past Israel Finkelstein.^[15] Recent anthropology discoveries away Eilat Mazar in Jerusalem and Yosef Garfinkel in Khirbet Qeiyafa appear to reenforcement the beingness of the United Monarchy, but the datings and identifications are not universally recognised.^{[16] [17]}

The Tel Dan Stele shows an historical "House of David" ruled a kingdom south of the lands of Samaria in the 9th century B.C.,^[18] and attestations of several Judean kings from the 8th century BC have been discovered,^[19] merely they exercise little to indicate how developed the state really was. The Nimrud Pill K.3751, dated c. 733 BCE, is the earliest known record of the figure "Judah" (written in Assyrian triangle Eastern Samoa Ya'uda or KUR.ia-ú-da-a-a).^[20]

The status of Jerusalem in the 10th century BCE is a Major subject of debate.^[9] The oldest part of Jerusalem and its original urban core are the City of David, which does not show evidence of significant Israelite residential activity until the 9th century.^[21] However, unique administrative structures such as the Stepped Stone Structure and the Large Stone Structure, which originally W-shaped unitary structure, contain corporate culture dated to Iron I.^[9] Connected account of the apparent miss of settlement activity in the 10th century BCE, Israel Finkelstein argues that Jerusalem was so a small country village in the Judean hills, non a national capital, and Ussishkin argues that the city was whole unpopulated. Amihai Mazar contends that if the Iron I/Iron IIa geological dating of administrative structures in the City of David are correct, which he believes to be the case, "Capital of Israel was a rather small town with a powerful bastion, which could have been a meat of a substantial regional civil order."^[9] William G. Dever argues that Jerusalem was a small and fortified city, probably inhabited only away the swayer court, priests and clerks.^[22]

A collection of military orders found in the ruins of a military fortress in the Negev dating to the period of the Kingdom of Judah indicates widespread literacy, based on the inscriptions, the ability to read and indite extended throughout the chain of command from commanders to junior-grade officers. According to Professor Eliezer Piasetsky, who participated in analyzing the texts, "Literacy existed at all levels of the body, military and priestly systems of Judah. Reading and writing were not limited to a tiny elect." That indicates the presence of a substantial educational infrastructure in Juda at the clock.^[23]

Biblical and historical narrative [edit]

Partition of Unpartitioned Kingdom of Yisrael [edit]

Accordant to the Someone Bible, the Realm of Judah resulted from the break-sprouted of the United Kingdom of Sio (1020 to about 930 B.C.E.) after the northern tribes refused to have Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, as their king. At first, sole the tribe of Judah remained loyal to the House of David, but the tribe of Benjamin soon linked Juda. Both kingdoms, Judah in the due south and Israel in the northwestward, cobalt-existed uneasily later the split until the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel by Assyria in c. 722/721.

The major theme of the Hebrew Bible's narration is the commitment of Judah, especially its kings, to Yahweh, which it states is the God of Israel. Accordingly, all of the kings of Israel and many an of the kings of Judah were "bad" in terms of the biblical communicatory by unsatisfactory to apply monotheism. Of the "good" kings, Hezekiah (727–698 BCE) is noted for his efforts at stamping dead idolatry (in his case, the worship of Baal and Asherah, among other traditional Near Eastern divinities),^[24] but his successors, Manasseh of Judah (698–642 BCE) and Amon (642–640 BCE), revived idolatry, which drew down on the kingdom the ira of Yahweh. King Josiah (640–609 BCE) returned to the worship of Yahweh alone, simply his efforts were also late, and Israel's infidelity caused God to allow the land's demolition by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in the Siege of Jerusalem (587/586 BCE).

However, it is now fairly well secure among faculty member scholars that the Books of Kings is not an faithful reflection of religious views in Judah or particularly Israel of the time period.^{[25] [26]}

Dealings with Northern Kingdom [edit]

For the first 60 years, the kings of Judah proved to rhenium-establish their authority finished the northern kingdom, and there was perpetual war betwixt them. Israel and Juda were in a state of war passim Rehoboam's 17-class prevai. Rehoboam built elaborate defenses and strongholds, on with fortified cities. In the twenty percent year of Rehoboam's predominate, Shishak, pharaoh of Egypt, brought a huge ground forces and took many cities. In the plunder of Jerusalem (10th century BCE), Rehoboam gave them each of the treasures out of the temple as a tribute and Judah became a vassal state of Egypt.

Rehoboam's son and successor, Abijah of Judah, continuing his father's efforts to convey Israel below his verify. He fought the Battle of Mount Zemaraim against Jeroboam of Israel and was victorious with a heavy loss of life connected the State of Israel side. According to the Books of Chronicles, Abijah and his people defeated them with a slap-up slaughter, then that 500,000 chosen men of Israel fell dead,^[27] and Jeroboam posed tiny threat to Judah for the catch one's breath of his reign, and the frame of the tribe of Gum benzoin was restored to the original social group border.^[28]

Abijah's son and successor, Asa of Judah, maintained peace for the first 35 years of his reign,^[29] and he revamped and reinforced the fortresses earlier built by his grandfather, Rehoboam. 2 Chronicles states that at the Struggle of Zephath, the Egyptian-backed chieftain Zerah the Ethiopian and his 1000000 hands and 300 chariots were defeated by Asa's 580,000 men in the Valley of Zephath near Maresha.^[30] The Holy Scripture does not state whether Zerah was a Pharaoh of Egypt or a general of the ground forces. The Ethiopians were pursued completely the way to Gerar, in the shore plain, where they stopped out of see-through enervation. The resulting peace unbroken Judah free from Egyptian incursions until the time of Josiah, some centuries later.

In his 36th year, Asa was confronted by Baasha of Zion,^[29] who built a fortress at Ramah happening the border, less than ten miles from Jerusalem. The capital became under pressure, and the military situation was shaky. Asa took metallic and silver from the Temple and transmitted them to Ben-Hadad I, the king of Aram-Damascus, in rally for the Fancy king cancelling his peace accord with Baasha. Ben-Hadad attacked Ijon, Dan and many important cities of the kindred of Naphtali, and Baasha was strained to withdraw from Ramah.^[31] Asa tore down the undressed fortress and used its raw materials to fortify Geba and Mizpah in Benjamin on his side of the border.^[32]

Asa's successor, Jehoshaphat, changed the policy towards Israel and instead pursued alliances and co-operation with the northern kingdom. The alliance with Ahab was founded on wedding. The coalition led to disaster for the kingdom with the Battle of Ramoth-Gilead.^[33] He and so entered into an alliance with Ahaziah of Israel for the purpose of carrying on maritime Commerce Department with Ophir. Yet, the dart that was and then accoutred at Ezion-Geber was immediately destroyed. A new fleet was fitted out without the co-operation of the king of Israel. Although IT was successful, the trade was not prosecuted.^{[34] [35]} Atomic number 2 joined Jehoram of Israel in a war against the Moabites, who were under testimonial to Israel. This war was successful, and the Moabites were subdued. However, on seeing Mesha's behave of offering his own son in a human sacrifice on the walls of Kir-haresheth filled Jehoshaphat with horror, and he withdrew and returned to his own land.^[36]

Jehoshaphat's successor, Jehoram of Judah, planned an alliance with Israel by marrying Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab. Despite the alliance with the stronger northern land, Jehoram's rule of Judah was shaky. Edom revolted, and atomic number 2 was forced to acknowledge its independence. A raid by Philistines, Arabs and Ethiopians ransacked the king's house and carried off all of his family except for his youngest Logos, Ahaziah of Judah.

Clash of empires [redact]

Sealed bulla of a retainer of King Hezekiah that was secondhand to seal a papyrus papers

After Hezekiah became the sole ruler in c. 715 BCE, he formed alliances with Ashkelon and Egypt and ready-made a stand against Assyria by refusing to pay tribute.^{[37] [38]} In answer, Sennacherib of Assyria attacked the fortified cities of Judah.^[39] Hezekiah remunerative trio hundred talents of silver and thirty talents of gold to Assyria, which required him to empty the temple and imperial treasury of facile and comic strip the gold from the doorposts of Solomon's Temple.^{[40] [37]} However, Sennacherib besieged Jerusalem^{[41] [42]} in 701 BCE though City of London was never taken.

During the long reign of Manasseh (c. 687/686 – 643/642 BCE),^[43] Judah was a vassal of Assyrian rulers: Sennacherib and his successors, Esarhaddon^[44] and Ashurbanipal aft 669 BCE. Manasseh is listed as being required to put up materials for Esarhaddon's building projects and as nonpareil of a number of vassals who power-assisted Ashurbanipal's campaign against Egypt.^[44]

When Josiah became mogul of Judah in c. 641/640 BCE,^[43] the internationalist situation was in flux. To the east, the Neo-Assyrian Empire was beginning to disintegrate, the Neo-Babylonian Empire had not until no risen to replace it and Egypt to the Rebecca West was still recovering from Assyrian convention. In the tycoo vacuum, Judah could rule itself for the nonce without foreign intercession. However, in the outflow of 609 B.C.E., Pharaoh Necho II personally led a sizable ground forces skyward to the Euphrates to aid the Assyrians.^[45] Taking the coastal route into Syria at the head of a large army, Necho passed the low-growing tracts of Philistia and Sharon. However, the passage complete the ridge of hills, which shuts in on the south the great Jezreel Valley, was blocked aside the Judean US Army, led away Josiah, who may have considered that the Assyrians and the Egyptians were decreased by the death of Pharaoh Psamtik I only a year earlier (610 BCE).^[45] Presumptively in an attempt to help the Babylonians, Josiah attempted to block the advance at Megiddo, where a fierce engagement was fought and Josiah was killed.^[46] Necho then joined forces with the Assyrian Ashu-uballit II, and they crossed the Euphrates and lay siege to Harran. The combined forces failed to capture City of London, and Necho retreated plump for to northern Syria. The outcome also scarred the disintegration of the Assyrian Empire.

Along his return march to Egyptian Empire in 608 BCE, Necho found that Jehoahaz had been elect to succeed his father, Josiah.^[47] Necho deposed Jehoahaz, who had been king for only three months, and replaced him with his older brother, Jehoiakim. Necho imposed on Judah a levy en masse of a hundred talents of argent (about 3 3⁄4 tons or just about 3.4 metric gobs) and a talent of gold (about 34 kilograms (75 lb)). Necho then took Jehoahaz game to Egyptian Empire as his prisoner,^[48] ne'er to payof.

Jehoiakim ruled originally atomic number 3 a vassal of the Egyptians past paying a perturbing tribute. However, when the Egyptians were disappointed by the Babylonians at Carchemish in 605 B.C.E., Jehoiakim changed allegiances to pay protection to Nebuchadrezzar Cardinal of Babylon. In 601 B.C.E., in the fourth year of his reign, Nebuchadnezzar attempted to invade Egypt but was repulsed with heavy losses. The unsuccessful person led to numerous rebellions among the states of the Levant that owed allegiance to Babylon. Jehoiakim also stopped paying tribute to Nebuchadnezzar^[49] and took a pro-Egyptian position. Nebuchadrezzar soon dealt with the rebellions. According to the Babylonian Chronicles, after invading "the land of Hatti (Syria/Palestine)"^{[50] [51]} in 599 BCE, he ordered siege to Jerusalem. Jehoiakim died in 598 BCE^[52] during the siege and was succeeded by his son Jeconiah at an age of either eight OR eighteen.^[53] The City brutal about three months later,^{[54] [55]} on 2 Adar (March 16) 597 BCE. Nebuchadnezzar pillaged both Jerusalem and the Synagogue and carted all of his spoils to Babylon. Jeconiah and his court and other salient citizens and craftsmen, along with a sizable share of the Jewish population of Judah, numbering most 10,000^[56] were deported from the land and dispersed throughout the Babylonian Empire.^[57] Among them was Ezekiel. Nebuchadnezzar appointed Zedekiah, Jehoiakim's brother, the king of the reduced kingdom, who was made a tributary of Babylon.

Destruction and dispersion [edit]

Despite the impregnable remonstrances of Jeremiah and others, Zedekiah revolted against Nebuchadnezzar II by ceasing to pay tribute to him and entered an bond with Pharaoh Hophra. In 589 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar II returned to Juda and again enclosed Jerusalem. Many Jews fled to surrounding Moab, Ammon, Edom and separate countries to seek resort.^[58] The city fell after a siege, which lasted either eighteen or thirty months,^[59] and Nebuchadnezzar again empty both Jerusalem and the Temple^[60] and then destroyed both.^[61] Later killing all of Zedekiah's sons, Nebuchadnezzar took Zedekiah to Babylon^[62] and and so commit an end to the independent Kingdom of Judah. According to the Jeremiah, in addition to those killed during the siege, some 4,600 hoi polloi were deported after the fall of Judah.^[63] By 586 BCE, much of Judah had been devastated, and the former kingdom had suffered a exorbitant decline of both its saving and its population.^[64]

Consequence [edit]

Babylonian Yehud [edit]

Jerusalem apparently remained uninhabited for much of the 6th hundred,^[64] and the centre of gravity shifted to Benjamin, the comparatively unscathed northern section of the kingdom, where the town of Mizpah became the capital of the new Babylonian province of Yehud for the oddment of the Jewish universe in a part of the former kingdom.^[65] That was standardised Babylonian practice. When the Inhabitant city of Ashkelon was conquered in 604 BCE, the opinion, religious and economic elite group (just not the mass of the universe) was banished and the administrative focus shifted to a new localisation.^[66]

Gedaliah was appointed governor of the Yehud province, hanging by a Babylonian guard. The administrative centre of the province was Mizpah in Benjamin,^[67] not Capital of Israel. On hearing of the assignment, many of the Judeans who had taken refuge in surrounding countries were persuaded to return to Judah.^[68] However, Gedaliah was soon assassinated by a member of the royal house, and the Chaldean soldiers killed. The population that was left field in the land and those who had returned fled to Egypt for revere a Babylonian reprisal, under the leaders of Yohanan ben Kareah. They ignored the urging of the vaticinator Jeremiah against the move.^[69] In Arab Republic of Egypt, the refugees nonnomadic in Migdol, Tahpanhes, Noph and Pathros,^[70] and Jeremiah went with them as a moral guardian.

Exile of elites to Babylon [blue-pencil]

The Numbers that were deported to Babylon and that made their way to United Arab Republic and the remnant that remained in the land and in surrounding countries are subject to academic debate. The Book of Jeremiah reports that 4,600 were exiled to Babylonia.^[63] The Books of Kings suggest that IT was 10,000 and later 8,000.

Yehud under Persian rule [blue-pencil]

In 539 BCE, the Achaemenid Conglomerate conquered Babylonia and allowed the exiles to return to Yehud Medinata and to rebuild the Temple, which was completed in the one-sixth yr of Darius (515 BCE)^[71] under Zerubbabel, the grandson of the second to last queen of Judah, Jeconiah. Yehud Medinata was a peaceful part of the Achaemenid Empire until its break c. 333 BCE to Alexander the Great.

LMLK seals [delete]

LMLK seals are past Hebrew seals stamped on the handles of large entrepot jars dating from reign of King Hezekiah (circa 700 BCE) discovered mostly in and around Capital of Israel. Several complete jars were saved in situ inhumed under a demolition layer caused by Sennacherib at Lachish.^[72] None of the original seals has been found, but both 2,000 impressions made by at least 21 seal types own been published.^[73]

LMLK stands for the Hebrew letters lamedh mem lamedh kaph (vocalized, lamelekh; Geographical region lāmed mēm lāmed kāp – 𐤋𐤌𐤋𐤊), which can be translated atomic number 3:

• "[belonging] to the king" [of Judah]
• "[belonging] to King" (name of a person or divinity)
• "[belonging] to the authorities" [of Judah]
• "[to be sent] to the King"

Get a line besides [edit]

• Kings of Judah
• List of artifacts in religious text archaeology
• Inclination of Jewish states and dynasties
• Fused Kingdom of Israel, the land ahead the split
• Kingdom of Israel, the Yankee Kingdom
• Yisrael, the modern country

Notes [edit]

1. ^ "Then all the people of Judah took Azariah, who was sixteen years old, and ready-made him king in situ of his father Amaziah. He was the one who rebuilt Elath and restored information technology to Juda after Amaziah rested with his ancestors." - 2 Kings 14:21-22 (NIV).

   Realise also, "As for the otherwise events of Jeroboam's reign, all he did, and his discipline achievements, including how he recovered for Israel both Damascus and Hamath, which had belonged to Judah..." - 2 Kings 14:28 (NIV)

2. ^ "He went to war against the Philistines and stone-broke down the walls of Gath, Jabneh and Ashdod. He then rebuilt towns near Ashdod and elsewhere among the Philistines. God helped him against the Philistines and against the Arabs who lived in Gur Baal and against the Meunites. The Ammonites brought tribute to Uzziah, and his fame spread as far arsenic the border of Egypt, because he had become real herculean." - 2 Chron. 26:6-8 (NIV)

References [edit]

1. ^ Pioske, Daniel (2015). "4: David's Jerusalem: The Early 10th Century BCE Part I: An Agrarian Community of interests". Jacques Louis David's Jerusalem: Betwixt Computer memory and History. Routledge Studies in Religion. 45. Routledge. p. 180. ISBN9781317548911 . Retrieved 2016-09-17 . [...] the reading of bytdwd as "House of St. David" has been challenged by those unconvinced of the inscription's allusion to an eponymous David operating theater the realm of Judah.
2. ^ "Key events in the history of Hebron". 29 November 2008.
3. ^ Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Zion and the Source of Sanctified Texts . The Free Press. pp. 240–243. ISBN978-0743223386.
4. ^ Garfinkel, Yossi; Ganor, Storm Troops'ar; Hasel, Michael (19 April 2012). "Daybook 124: Khirbat Qeiyafa preliminary report card". Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel. Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from the freehanded on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
5. ^ Finkelstein, Israel; Fantalkin, Alexander (May 2012). "Khirbet Qeiyafa: an unsensational anthropology and historical interpretation" (PDF). Tel Aviv-Jaffa. 39: 38–63. Interior:10.1179/033443512x13226621280507. S2CID 161627736. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
6. ^ Grabbe, Lester L. (2007-04-28). Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN9780567251718. The Tel Dan dedication generated a batch of debate and a bustle of articles when it first appeared, but it is now widely regarded (a) as genuine and (b) as referring to the Davidic dynasty and the Aramaic script kingdom of Damascus.
7. ^ Martin Cline, Eric H. (2009-09-28). Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Foundation. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780199711628. Now, after much encourage treatment in academic journals, it is accepted by virtually archaeologists that the inscription is non only genuine but that the reference is indeed to the House of Saint David, thus representing the first allusion found anywhere outside the Bible to the biblical Jacques Louis David.
8. ^ Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2004-01-01). Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200-539 B.C.E. Society of Sacred writing Lit. ISBN9781589830622. Some unfounded accusations of imitation have had little or nobelium effect on the scholarly acceptance of this inscription as genuine.
9. ^ ^{a b c d} Mazar, Amihai. "Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Incase of the United Monarchy". One God – One Cult – Ane Nation. Archaeologic and Biblical Perspectives, Edited by Reinhard G. Kratz and Hermann Spieckermann together with Björn Corzilius and Tanja Pilger, (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 405). Berlin/ New York: 29–58. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
10. ^ Moore & Kelle 2011, p. 302.
11. ^ Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel, ed. (1976). A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. p. 142. ISBN978-0674397316 . Retrieved 12 October 2018. Sargon's heir, Sennacherib (705–681), could not sell with Hezekiah's revolt until he gained control of Babylon in 702 BCE.
12. ^ "Maximalists and Minimalists". www.livius.org . Retrieved 2021-07-18 .
13. ^ Katz 2015, p. 27.
14. ^ Mazar, Amihai. "Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the Conjugated Monarchy". Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives. For conservative approaches defining the United Monarchy every bit a state "from Dan to Beer Sheba" including "conquered kingdoms" (Ammon, Moab, Edom) and "spheres of influence" in Geshur and Hamath mucoviscidosis. e.g., Ahlström (1993), 455–542; Meyers (1998); Lemaire (1999); Masters (2001); Stager (2003); Rainey (2006), 159–168; Kitchen (1997); Millard (1997; 2008). For a total denial of the historicity of the United Monarchy californium. e.g., Davies (1992), 67–68; others advisable a 'chiefdom' comprising a small region around Jerusalem, pancreatic fibrosis. Knauf (1997), 81–85; Niemann (1997), 252–299 and Finkelstein (1999). For a 'middle of the road' approach suggesting a United Monarchy of big territorial scope though smaller than the biblical description cf. e.g., Henry Miller (1997); Halpern (2001), 229–262; Liverani (2005), 92–101. The latter freshly suggested a state comprising the territories of Judah and Ephraim during the time of David, which subsequently was increased to include areas of Federal Samaria and shape areas in the Galilee and Transjordan. Na'aman (1992; 1996) once accepted the basic life history of David arsenic authentic and later unloved the Conjugate Monarchy as a state, cf. id. (2007), 401–402.
15. ^ Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002-03-06). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's Early Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts. Simon and Schuster. ISBN978-0-7432-2338-6.
16. ^ St. Thomas, Zachary (2016-04-22). "Debating the United Monarchy: Army of the Righteou's Imag How Far We've Come". Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Word of God and Civilisation. 46 (2): 59–69. Department of the Interior:10.1177/0146107916639208. ISSN 0146-1079. S2CID 147053561.
17. ^ "Crying King David: Are the ruins found in Israel really his castle?". Haaretz.com . Retrieved 2021-07-18 . Not all accord that the ruins found in Khirbet Qeiyafa are of the biblical township Sha'arayim, let unsocial the palace of antediluvian Israel's near famous king
18. ^ Pioske 2015, p. 180.
19. ^ Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals. N. Avigad and B. Lip. Jerusalem: The State of Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanistic discipline, 1997, nos. 4 and 3 severally; Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E. Lawrence J. Mykytiuk. SBL Academia Biblica 12. Atlanta, 2004, 153-59, 219.
20. ^ Holloway, Steven W.; Handy, Lowell K., explosive detection system. (1995). The Pitcher is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gösta W. Ahlström. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-0567636713 . Retrieved 12 October 2018. For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), unstylish 734–733, are the soonest published to appointment.
21. ^ Moore & Kelle 2011.
22. ^ Dever, William G. (2020-08-18). Has Archeology Buried the Bible?. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN978-1-4674-5949-5.
23. ^ Pileggi, Tamar (12 April 2016). "New Deal Antediluvian Shards Suggests Scripture Even Older than Thought." Times of Zion. Retrieved from TimesofIsrael.com, 30 January 2019.
24. ^ Borowski, Oded. "Hezekiah's Reforms and the Sicken against Assyria". Archived from the original on 23 July 1997. Retrieved 12 October 2018. , Emory University, 1997
25. ^ Handy, Lowell K. (1995). "The Appearance of Pantheon in Judah". In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.). The Triumph of Elohim. Grand Rapids, Michigan: W. B. Eerdmans. p. 27. ISBN9780802841612 . Retrieved 13 January 2020 – via Internet Archive. It is fairly well established by now that the narrative of the book of Kings cannot be understood as an accurate reflection of the religious world of the nations of Judah and Israel.1{...}1 The historicity of certain sections of the story has been questioned for a age within scholarly circles, even though the majority of the text is accepted to be historically true; this is particularly true of aspects of the portraying of the northern land, Israel.
26. ^ Henry James Alan Montgomery (1951). A Critical and Exegetical Commentary of the Book of Kings. T. & T. Clark. p. 41 – via Cyberspace Archive. The remaining Prophetical Stories of the Northerly are midrash in the current sense of the word, of dubious existent prise.
27. ^ 2 Chronicles 13:17
28. ^ 2 Chronicles 13:20
29. ^ ^{a b} 2 Chronicles 16:1
30. ^ 2 Chronicles 14:9–15
31. ^ 2 Chronicles 16:2–6
32. ^ 2 Chronicles 16:1–7
33. ^ 1 Kings 22:1–33
34. ^ 2 Kings 20:35–37
35. ^ 1 Kings 22:48–49
36. ^ 2 Kings 3:4–27
37. ^ ^{a b} Leithart, Peter J. (2006). 1 &adenosine monophosphate; 2 Kings (Brazos Theological Comment along the Bible). Baker Publishing Group. pp. 255–256. ISBN9781441235602 . Retrieved 12 Oct 2018.
38. ^ Book of Isaiah 30–31; 36:6–9
39. ^ 2 Kings 18:13
40. ^ 2 Kings 18:14–16
41. ^ James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Side by side the Old Testament (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965) 287–88.
42. ^ 2 Kings 18:17
43. ^ ^{a b} Thiele, Edwin (1951). The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings (1st ed.). New York: Macmillan. ISBN978-0-8254-3825-7.
44. ^ ^{a b} Bright, John Lackland (2000). A History of Israel. Westminster Knox Press. p. 311. ISBN9780664220686 . Retrieved 12 Oct 2018.
45. ^ ^{a b} 2Kings 23:29
    • Coogan, Michael St. David (2001). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Mechanical press. p. 261. ISBN9780195139372 . Retrieved 12 Oct 2018.
46. ^ 2 Kings 23:29, 2 Chronicles 35:20–24
47. ^ 2 Kings 23:31
48. ^ 2 Chronicles 36:1–4
49. ^ Dr. Shirley Rollinson. "The Divided Monarchy – ca. 931–586 BC". Retrieved 12 October 2018.
50. ^ No 24 WA21946, The Babylonian Chronicles, The British Museum
51. ^ Wigoder, Geoffrey (2006). The Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Word of God. Superlative Publishing Company, Inc.
52. ^ Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (1996). The Hebrew Bible. Continuum International. p. x. ISBN978-0-304-33703-3.
53. ^ Vincent, Robert Benn, Sr. "Daniel and the Captivity of State of Israel". Retrieved 12 October 2018.
54. ^ King, Philip J. (1993). Jeremiah: An Archaeological Companion. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 23.
55. ^ 2 Chronicles 36:9
56. ^ Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1999). The Oxford History of the Sacred text World. Oxford Press. p. 350.
57. ^ 2 Kings 24:14
58. ^ Jeremiah 40:11–12
59. ^ Malamat, Abraham (1968). "The Last Kings of Judah and the Evenfall of Jerusalem: An Historical – Written record Read". Israel Exploration Journal. 18 (3): 137–156. JSTOR 27925138. The discrepancy 'tween the length of the siege reported to the regnal years of Zedekiah (years 9–11), on the one hand, and its length according to Jehoiachin's exile (long time 9–12), on the other, can be cancelled dead only by supposing the former to have been reckoned along a Tishri basis, and the latter on a Nisan ground. The difference of peerless year between the 2 is accounted for by the fact that the termination of the siege cruel in the summer, between Nisan and Tishri, already in the 12th year according to the enumeration in Ezekiel, but still in Zedekiah's 11th twelvemonth which was to stop exclusively in Tishri.
60. ^ Ezra 5:14
61. ^ Jeremiah 52:10–13
62. ^ Jeremiah 52:10–11
63. ^ ^{a b} Jeremiah 52:29–30
64. ^ ^{a b} Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). A Account of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period. T&T Clark International. p. 28. ISBN978-0-567-08998-4.
65. ^ Davies, Philip R. (2009). "The Origin of Biblical Israel". Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 9 (47). Archived from the original on 28 Crataegus oxycantha 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
66. ^ Lipschitz, Oded (2005). The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem. Eisenbrauns. p. 48. ISBN9781575060958.
67. ^ 2 Kings 25:22–24, Book of Jeremiah 40:6–8
68. ^ Sweeney, Marvin A. (2010). The Prophetic Literature: Interpreting Biblical Texts Series. Abingdon Press. ISBN9781426730030.
69. ^ 2 Kings 25:26, Jeremiah 43:5–7
70. ^ Jeremiah 44:1
71. ^ Ezra 6:15
72. ^ Ussishkin (2004), The Revived Archaeological Excavations at Lachish, p. 89 ("Arsenic the work of the revived excavations developed it became clear that the devastation of Level Triad must constitute assigned to Sennacherib's attack in 701 BCE.").
73. ^ "The LMLK Research Website". www.lmlk.com.

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External golf links [blue-pencil]

Media coreferent Kingdom of Judah at Wikimedia Commonalty

Tell Me Something About the City of Judah Where Mary Had to Go in the Bible King James

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah

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